Cách dùng Raspberry Pi + Pi-hole để chặn quảng cáo cho tất cả thiết bị trong nhà
Pi-hole là một công cụ biến con Raspberry Pi của bạn thành một bộ chặn quảng cáo có tác dụng trên toàn bộ mạng trong nhà. Bạn không cần phải cài adblock, bạn không cần phải chỉnh DNS trên từng thiết bị, tất cả đã có Pi-hole lo. Cái này rất hữu ích với cả những thiết bị mà bạn không thể can thiệp để chặn quảng cáo, như Smart TV chẳng hạn. Bạn có thể tưởng tượng lúc đó chiếc Raspberry Pi sẽ đóng vai trò lọc hết mọi mẩu quảng cáo trước khi chúng kịp đến với điện thoại, máy tính của bạn. Cách làm cũng cực kì dễ, và bạn có thể dùng gần như mọi chiếc Raspberry Pi từ đó đến nay để chạy Pi-hole do nó không đòi hỏi cấu hình cao.
Lợi ích của việc dùng Pi-hole
- Dễ cài đặt
- Chặn được quảng cáo trên mọi thiết bị, mọi ứng dụng (kể cả các thiết bị không cho phép cài adblock)
- Tốc độ cao, nhẹ nhàng
- Dễ dàng kiểm soát nhờ giao diện đồ họa
- Có thể chặn cả IPv4 và IPv6 của các trang quảng cáo
- Miễn phí
Nguyên tắc hoạt động của nó như sau:
Để thực hiện, bạn cần có
- Một chiếc Raspberry Pi, thẻ microSD, đã cài đặt hệ điều Raspbian Lite
- Không bắt buộc, nhưng nên có: dây mạng LAN, để nối Pi với router bằng mạng có dây thì sẽ ổn định hơn
- Bạn cũng phải làm quen với việc gõ lệnh trên Raspberry Pi, có thể làm trực tiếp trên Pi khi đã nối ra màn hình, bàn phím… hoặc dùng SSH cũng được (SSH thì tiện hơn, nhưng nếu chưa quen thì có thể hơi phức tạp.
Các bước cài Pi hole lên Raspberry Pi
Bạn truy cập vào Raspberry Pi của nhà bạn, có thể mở Pi ra, kết nối với màn hình, bàn phím, sau đó tìm ứng dụng tên là Terminal.
Chạy nó lên, gõ lệnh sau:
curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | bash
Từ đây về sau thì bạn chỉ cần nhấn Enter để đồng ý mà thôi, không cần tùy chỉnh gì thêm vì những cái mà đã được chọn sẵn đều tốt cả. Sơ lược quá trình cài đặt thì câu lệnh trên sẽ làm những thứ như thế này:
- Cài đặt Pi hole
- Thiết lập IP tĩnh cho Raspberry Pi (vì phải có IP tĩnh trong mạng nội bộ thì router mới biết 1 chỗ cố định nhằm lọc link của các nhà quảng cáo)
- Cài đặt giao diện web quản lý lưu lượng và theo dõi các chỉ số
Ở bước gần cuối, bạn sẽ thấy một màn hình tóm tắt của Raspberry Pi hiển thị địa chỉ IP của máy (mục IPv4). Nhớ ghi số này lại vì bạn sẽ cần cập nhật nó lên router của nhà mình. Như trong hình bên dưới, con Pi của mình có địa chỉ là 192.168.3.109.
Khi đã cài xong, bạn cần vào router của nhà mình để chỉnh lại DNS, còn gọi là máy chủ phân giải tên miền (ví dụ, gõ tinhte.vn -> trình duyệt biết địa chỉ thực sự là 123.223.14.15). Vì Pi hole sẽ can thiệp vào giai đoạn phân giải này nên nó có thể phát hiện được tên miền của các hãng quảng cáo, lấy đại 1 ví dụ như ads.google.com, vậy là nó sẽ block cái địa chỉ này lại và mẫu quảng cáo không thể hiển thị lên máy tính, di động, iPad hay Smart TV của bạn.
Mỗi router sẽ có cách chỉnh DNS khác nhau, nhưng về cơ bản thì bạn cứ tìm chỗ nào có chữ DNS hoặc chữ DHCP và DNS thì chỉnh ở đó, chuyển sang Set DNS Manually. Như hình minh họa bên dưới là mình chỉ trên con router nhà mình. Sau khi chỉnh xong thì lưu lại và khởi động lại router để nó bắt đầu có hiệu lực.
Sau khi đã cài đặt DNS cho router và khởi động lại, kể từ lần truy cập sau đó bạn sẽ thấy các mẫu quảng cáo không thể hiện thị được, một số trang sẽ bị trống vài chỗ, đó thực chất là chỗ quảng cáo nhưng banner, link và các thông tin đã bị Pi hole chặn rồi.
Pi hole có một trang điều khiển, quản lý, theo dõi thông số về việc truy cập và chặn quảng cáo, bạn có thể truy cập vào nó bằng link http://<địa chỉ IP của Raspberry Pi>/admin/index.php. Phần này thì mấy bạn tự mò nhé, cũng không có gì phức tạp và cần giới thiệu.
Một số lưu ý
Nếu ở lần đầu tiên cài đặt Pi-hole qua SSH (cài trực tiếp trên Pi không qua SSH thì sẽ không bị) mà bạn thấy Pi bị đứng, không thể SSH, không thể làm gì, thì khả năng cao là bạn chỉ bị mất lệnh SSH thôi chứ chặn quảng cáo thì vẫn chạy.
Trong trường hợp này, bạn làm như sau:
- Chờ khoảng 10p
- Nếu vẫn còn đơ, hãy rút điện, bật lại Pi
- Chạy lại dòng lệnh ở trên thêm 1 lần nữa, lần này bạn sẽ thành công
Lưu ý từ việc chặn quảng cáo
Một số trang hoạt động không thu phí, do đó họ cần nguồn thu từ các đơn vị quảng cáo như Google, Facebook, các hệ thống quảng cáo trong nước… để có kinh phí hoạt động. Trước khi chặn quảng cáo, hãy nghĩ về điều đó nhé. Hiện tại doanh thu từ các quảng cáo kiểu banner này không phải là phần quan trọng của Tinh tế, nhưng nhiều web khác thì có, nên bạn hãy chịu khó xem ads một chút để có động lực cho họ tạo nội dung cho bạn xem.
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