Cách lựa chọn và sử dụng máy lọc không khí
Máy lọc không khí phần lớn được sản xuất cho diện tích phòng từ 25 đến 35 m2, ít đồ đạc và để ở nơi thoáng.
Mức độ ô nhiễm gần đây tại Hà Nội và TP HCM luôn nằm trong top đầu thế giới (theo ứng dụng Air Visual) với chỉ số AQI thường trên dưới mức 200. Thực tế, chỉ số này được đo thông qua tỷ lệ hạt bụi mịn PM2.5 (các hạt bụi có kích thước nhỏ hơn hoặc bằng 2,5 micromet). Theo nghiên cứu, đây là các loại bụi mịn nhỏ gây hại nhất đến cơ thể con người ngay cả với nồng độ thấp.
Hầu hết máy lọc không khí đều có tính năng chính là lọc bụi mịn PM2.5. Việc sử dụng tại nhà, nơi làm việc sẽ giúp cải thiện sức khỏe đáng kể trong tình trạng ô nhiễm hiện nay.
Xét về thiết kế, cách thức hoạt động, máy lọc không khí có hai loại chính: lọc không khí tuần hoàn và lọc khí tươi.
Phổ biến nhất hiện nay là máy lọc không khí tuần hoàn, có tính cơ động cao. Người dùng chỉ cần đặt ở vị trí hợp lý trong phòng và cắm điện. Loại máy này lại chia làm hai dạng nhỏ hơn về cơ chế: loại chủ động dùng ion âm phát ra không khí, hấp thụ bụi mịn nhỏ và loại thụ động, dùng màng lọc. Loại thứ hai được đánh giá hiệu quả rõ rệt hơn và đặc biệt phù hợp hơn với môi trường ô nhiễm hiện nay.
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Máy lọc không khí tuần hoàn dùng màng lọc có giá vừa phải, cơ động và hoạt động hiệu quả. |
Với máy dùng màng lọc, không khí liên tục được hút vào, làm sạch và thổi lại vào phòng theo chu trình tuần hoàn. Nhược điểm của dòng máy này là chỉ hoạt động tối ưu khi phòng đóng kín nên ít có không khí bên ngoài lưu thông, đôi lúc tạo cảm giác “bí”. Giá thành tùy loại từ hơn 2 triệu đồng đến hơn 10 triệu đồng tùy các tính năng phụ trợ, màng lọc đi kèm.
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Máy lọc không khí tươi thường có giá thành cao, khó lắp đặt nhưng hiệu quả và thoáng hơn. |
Ngoài loại đặt độc lập trong phòng như thường thấy, máy lọc không khí còn có loại lọc khí tươi với nhiều ưu điểm nhưng ít phổ biến vì giá thành cao, khó lắp đặt. Dòng máy này đặt cố định gắn tường, lấy không khí trực tiếp từ ngoài trời nên cần thiết kế hộc lấy gió đục qua tường khá phức tạp, người dùng rất khó tự lắp đặt và thường “bất khả thi” với nhà chung cư. Không khí được lấy từ ngoài trời và được lọc sạch qua máy trước khi đưa vào phòng nên đảm bảo không khí vừa sạch vừa thoáng cho căn phòng. Giá loại lọc khí tươi khoảng từ hơn 7 triệu đồng trở lên chưa kể chi phí lắp cũng rất tốn kém.
Hiện tại, lựa chọn tối ưu nhất cho người dùng Việt Nam là máy lọc tuần hoàn, đặt cơ động, dùng cơ chế hút với màng lọc.
Lõi lọc là thành phần quan trọng nhất của máy lọc không khí
Lõi lọc không khí thường có cấu tạo 3 lớp: Bên ngoài là lọc thô – lọc bụi lớn, phấn hoa…; lớp thứ hai – cũng là lớp quan trọng nhất – lọc bụi mịn (bụi PM2.5) thường là loại lọc chuẩn HEPA; lớp thứ ba thường là carbon hoạt tính giúp hấp thụ mùi, vi khuẩn gây hại, nấm mốc. Lõi lọc số 3 có thể thêm tính năng khác với từng loại máy, trong khi lõi 1 và 2 thường cố định với các máy lọc khí tiêu chuẩn.
Một máy lọc không khí đơn thuần có hai bộ phận chính: quạt hút và màng lọc. Không khí được hút vào máy bởi quạt hút, đi qua màng lọc (lõi lọc) và được giữ lại hạt bụi PM2.5, vi khuẩn gây mùi, mầm bệnh. Vì vậy, chọn mua máy lọc không khí quan trọng nhất phải xem màng lọc là loại gì, giá thành thay thế ra sao và có dễ tìm mua hay không.
Máy lọc không khí hoạt động thế nào.
Khi chọn máy lọc không khí cần chắc chắn các loại máy có màng lọc HEPA tốt, có chứng nhận từ nhà sản xuất, xuất xứ rõ ràng. Nên chọn các loại máy dễ tìm và dễ thay thế lõi lọc, bởi nếu không thay thường xuyên, đúng hạn, hiệu quả của máy bị giảm rất nhiều.
Thông thường các loại lõi lọc được khuyến cáo thay trong khoảng 6 tháng đến một năm. Tuy nhiên, tùy vào môi trường sống xung quanh, nên thường xuyên kiểm tra lõi và vệ sinh qua lớp bụi thô trên lớp màng lọc ngoài cùng. Thông thường nếu bụi quá nhiều xung quanh lớp màn này, nên thay thế sớm hơn so với khuyến cáo.
Người dùng nên quan tâm tới giá thành thay lõi lọc nhiều hơn là giá thành của máy. Nếu tài chính không quá dư dả, chỉ nên tập trung vào các máy có lõi lọc với hai thành phần lọc thô và lọc bụi mịn có giá thành vừa phải.
Các loại máy như Sharp, Panasonic có giá thay lõi lọc trên dưới một triệu đồng trong khi các loại của Xiaomi, Midea có giá thành thay lõi từ 400.000 đến 600.000 đồng.
Chọn máy lọc không khí thế nào
Các máy lọc không khí thường đưa ra mức phù hợp với diện tích phòng, trong khoảng 25 đến 35 m2. Phòng ở của người Việt Nam thường bày nhiều đồ đạc, máy hút bụi thường để góc phòng cho gọn, nên hiệu quả lọc không phải tốt nhất, theo khuyến cáo nhà sản xuất.
Hiện tại trên thị trường, phần lớn các máy lọc không khí của các hãng Nhật như Sharp, Panasonic, Daikin đều có thêm tính năng tạo ẩm và phát ion, trong khi các hãng đến từ Trung Quốc phần lớn là thuần lọc không khí, như Xiaomi, Midea. Lý do là bởi Trung Quốc có không khí ô nhiễm bụi PM2.5 cao rất giống Việt Nam nên dòng máy thuần lọc bụi mịn này ngày càng phổ biến tại đây.
Với môi trường ở Việt Nam, độ ẩm luôn ở mức cao trên 70%, ngay ở mùa hanh khô hay trong phòng điều hòa, độ ẩm cũng dao động từ 50 đến 60%, nên trường hợp dùng máy bù ẩm không nhiều. Người dùng nên cân nhắc khi chọn mua dòng máy phù hợp để giảm chi phí.
Vị trí đặt máy
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Nên đặt máy ở vị trí thoáng, có thể lưu thông không khí tốt để tăng hiệu quả hoạt động. |
Máy lọc không khí nên được ưu tiên đặt trong phòng ngủ đầu tiên, do đây là nơi người dùng ở lâu nhất mỗi ngày, và khi ngủ, sức đề kháng, hệ miễn dịch con người vào trạng thái nghỉ ngơi.
Máy lọc nên đặt ở vị trí thoáng, dễ lưu thông khí trong phòng. Khuyến cáo nên để cách xa tường, đồ vật khách tối thiểu là 30 cm, đặc biệt là mặt hút gió và đẩy gió của máy nên để ở vị trí thoáng không có đồ vật cản.
Với các phòng rộng khoảng 40 m2 trở lên, nên cân nhắc việc mua hai máy lọc có công suất phù hợp thay vì mua một máy có công suất lớn.
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